Transverse Processes Of Cervical Vertebrae Research Articles

Cleidocervical muscle: a mini literature survey of a human muscle variation.

Cleidocervical muscles (CCM) or levator claviculae muscles in humans can be found as supernumerary unilaterally or bilaterally on the neck attached proximally to the clavicle and distally to the transverse process of cervical vertebrae at various levels. Altogether 20 case reports from year 1994 till present including 25 subjects related to CCM were found and analysed where parameters such as cervical insertion level, clavicular insertion at the middle vs. lateral third, unilateral vs. bilateral presence of the muscle, study type, reported gender of the subjects were extracted. Our literature survey shows that the prevalence of CCM in male and female was equally presented in radiological studies whereas almost 3-fold higher prevalence of males was found in cadaver reports. Since body donor system worldwide is male dominant, a 1:1 proportion of male and female in radiological studies could show more reality-based distribution of this muscle. Nevertheless, the presentation of this muscle was found in over 90% of the case reports unilaterally with higher left sided dominance. Even though the attachment points of CCM varied from case to case, the proximal attachment was found slightly more frequent on the middle third of the clavicle whereas the distal insertion was present more often on the superior cervical vertebrae than the lower ones. With prevalence of CCM in the population around 2.0-2.5%, the clinical, radiological and surgical relevance of this variation has to be highlighted to avoid potential misleading diagnostics in the neck.

Study of Morphological Analysis of the Foramen Transversarium and Accessory Foramen Transversarium in Typical Cervical Vertebrae

Foramen Transversarium (FT) is present in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. One FT is present in each transverse process of cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves pass through it. The present study was carried out on 100 typical cervical vertebrae on their foramen transversarium regarding their shape and no of FT on transversarium. The oval shape was mostly observed in 45% and 44% on the right and left sides. The accessory foramen transversarium (AFT) was observed in 22 vertebrae among 100 vertebrae. The AFT was mostly observed on the right side.

Proximal vertebral artery surgery. Results of treatment of ischemia of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Simultaneous carotid and vertebral artery decompression procedures.

Surgical treatment of hindbrain ischemia is becoming the accepted surgical procedure in cases of stenosis of extracranial segments of vertebral arteries in the course of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in their initial segments (V1) or caused by external compression of these arteries in the canal formed by the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. The latter is referred to as vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI). The transposition of the left vertebral artery to the common carotid artery in cases where stent graft implantation is necessary with coverage of the subclavian artery and possible blood supply disorders of both the hindbrain and the spinal cord has become important. In the Department of Vascular Surgery at the Medical University in Wrocław , in 58 out of 76 patients treated for ischemia of the hindbrain, the procedures were performed in the distal vertebral artery. The authors present the diagnosis of 18 patients treated surgically for stenosis or kinking of vertebral arteries in their first segment. In 12 cases, the procedure was performed with simultaneous unblocking of significantly narrowed left internal carotid artery. The material includes patients operated on between 1994 and 2018, most of whom had a good or very good outcome with zero mortality.

RETRACTED: Ultrasound image guided lateral cervical approach to stellate ganglion block for cervical headache

To explore the feasibility and safety of real-time ultrasound-guided transcervical lateral stellate ganglion block. From September 2017 to December 2018, 80 cases of cervical headache were diagnosed by high-frequency ultrasound on the lateral cervical region, and evaluated at the level of the transverse process of cervical vertebrae 6 and 7. Risk factors for the ganglia. Choose a safe path and guide puncture and drug injection in real time. The lateral approach of horizontal C6 and C7 transverse processes in 80 cases was explored. There are risk factors on the 32-sided puncture path, in which the inferior thyroid artery accounts for 34.4 % (11/32), the jugular vein accounts for 31.2 % (10/32), and the vertebral arteriovenous accounts for 12.5 % (4/32) The other arteries accounted for 21.9 % (7/32). The puncture was completed in 79 cases, and one patient gave up the puncture because of risk factors in the horizontal puncture path of C6 and C7. Horner syndrome occurred in 79 cases within 10 min after puncture. There were 4 cases (5.1 %) of minor side effects, including hoarseness in 2 cases, numbness in upper limbs and dizziness in 1 case, all of which resolved on their own. The VAS score of 79 cases before block (8.9 ± 0.9) points and 0.5h VAS score (5.7 ± 2.1) points after block were significantly lower than those before block (t = 13.154, P = 0.003); 1dVAS score (5.3 ± 2.5) after block was significantly lower than that before block (t = 12.626, P = 0.002). High-frequency ultrasound guided stellate ganglion block in lateral cervical approach in real time has a high success rate and the method is safe.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM OF ATLAS VERTEBRA

Introduction: Foramen transversarium are the characteristic bony feature of the cervical vertebrae. They are located on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae through which second part of vertebral artery passes along with vertebral venous and sympathetic plexus. Their variations are common with regard to size, shape, incomplete, duplicated and may even absent. Material & Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of one hundred atlas vertebrae were examined for morphological variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, foramen transversarium was present in all. Absence of costal element was noticed in four atlas vertebrae. Four atlas vertebrae showed incomplete bilateral foramen transversarium while four showed unilateral duplicated foramen transversarium. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of neck injuries and related syndromes necessitates the study of bony variations of the atlas vertebra and its foramen transversarium. The second part of vertebral artery is prone to be damaged during neck surgeries and posterior cervical injuries due to incomplete formation of the foramen transversarium, hence the knowledge of such variations is important for surgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, neurologists, orthopedicians, radiologists and physicians.

A Case of Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis Occurring Around the Transverse Process of Cervical Vertebra

Fibromatosis is generally a benign tumor that arises from the musculoaponeurotic tissues of the body, rarely occurring in the head and neck region. This can be treated with a good prognosis, but sometimes recurs as a local invasion. Preoperative core needle biopsy and MR images are necessary to diagnose preoperatively and outline the tumor extent. The mainstay of treatment is complete surgical excision. Nonetheless, an excision is often difficult because of the complex anatomy or proximity of the tumor to vital structures in the head and neck region. We report a rare case of desmoid-type fibromatosis that occurred in the neck, closely attached to the transverse process of the cervical vertebra. The present article covers an extensive analysis of the case with a review of the related literature. Key words: Aggressive fibromatosis ㆍ Cervical vertebrae

[Computed tomography in diagnostics of extravasal influence of thyroid nodules].

To estimate role of contrast-enhanced MDCT in diagnosis of common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins compression by thyroid nodules. Contrast-enhanced MDCT of neck and mediastinum was performed in 15 patients with benign thyroid nodules in addition to conventional clinical survey and Doppler imaging of common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins. Thyroid volume ranged from 71.4 to 296 cm3. Cervical great vessels deviation, their dislocation and deformation because of compression were revealed in 14 patients. Partial and complete compression within transverse processes of cervical vertebrae was diagnosed in 7 cases. It was concluded that dislocated common carotid arteries per se can compress and deform internal jugular veins. Blood flow in veins is absent if they are compressed throughout. If jugular vein is compressed behind sternum only its ectasia may be observed. Vascular geometry was restored after extravasal compression elimination. Contrast-enhanced MDCT should be included into survey program of patients with thyroid nodules.

English

Foramen transversarium are located on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae and are the cardinal features of cervical vertebrae. These foramina are known to exhibit variations in size, shape and may be absent or duplicated. Keeping this in mind, a study was done to record these variations. A hundred and twenty dry typical cervical vertebrae procured from department of anatomy were used for this study. Unilateral double foramen transversarium were seen in 2.5% cases while 4.16% cases showed bilateral double foramen transversarium. 0.83% cases showed symmetrical foramen transversarium and another 1.66% cases showed incomplete foramen transversarium. The normal factor responsible for such anomalies is developmental or related to variation in course of vertebral artery. The recognition of this variation provides safety and efficiency for the posterior approaches of the cervical spine.

Multimodality imaging features of Poland syndrome associated with cervical rib and elongated transverse process of cervical vertebrae

Background: Poland syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete absence of the major pectoral muscle which is variably associated with ipsilateral thoracic and upper limb deformities. Case Presentation: We present multimodality imaging features of PS associated with cervical rib and elongated transverse process of cervical vertebrae in a 25 year-old female patient. Conclusion: PS is a rare congenital disorder that has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. The aim of our case report was to show multimodality imaging features of the PS associated with cervical rib and elongated transverse process of cervical vertebrae. We could not find any similar case reported in the literature.

An unusual foramen in the transverse process of first thoracic vertebra

The presence of foramina in the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae is not a common feature while they are the characteristic feature of cervical vertebrae. Foramina present in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae give passage to the vertebral artery-an important artery supplying the brain and spinal cord. Thoracic vertebrae typically bear facets on the body and the transverse processes for articulation with ribs. We report the presence of a complete foramen in the left transverse process of first thoracic vertebra, which is a very rare finding. The foramen was present near the root of the transverse process in alignment with the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae of the same side. This variation is explained embryologically in relation to the branches of dorsal aortae in post-branchial stage of development. Knowledge of such a variation may be of great relevance for accurate interpretation of radiological pictures and for CT and MR angiographies as well as for the management of surgical procedures.

Double foramen transversarium variation in ancient Byzantine cervical vertebrae: preliminary report of an anthropological study.

Foramina transversaria (FT) are located on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. These foramina are known to exhibit variations with regard to size, shape and may even be absent or duplicated. The aims of this study are to investigate the shape, size and variations of FT in an ancient population and to point out the importance of double FT in the human anatomy. MATERIAL and 262 ancient skeletons, dated 6th c AD, were unearthed from the Iasos Archaeological site between 1979 and 1987. Of these skeletons, 22 cervical vertebrae belonging to 21 individual skeletons were examined for the variations of FT. Fifteen (68.2%) of the skeletons were male and 6 were female. All of the FT were round in shape. Among the 22 cervical vertebrae, double FT was found in 5 (22.7%) vertebrae, while unilateral in 3 and bilateral in 2. Asymmetrical FT was observed only in one (4.5%) vertebra. The mean diameter of FT was 6.2 mm in the right side and 6.4 mm in the left. Double FT exists since the antiquity. The recognition of this variation provides safety and effectiveness for the posterior approaches of the cervical spine.

Assessing the validity of a novel model of vertebral artery type of cervical syndrome induced by injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra

The efficacy of injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra to induce vertebral artery type of cervical syndrome (CSA) was observed. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the model group and the control group. The rabbits in the model group were injected with sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebray, on the contrary, the rabbits in the control group were injected with nothing. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was used to detect the average speed of blood (Vm), pulsatility index (Pi) and the resistant index (Ri) of the vertebral artery, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphological changes, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2). TCD showed increased Pi, Ri and decreased Vm in the model group (P<0.05) compared with the control group. HE staining revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophied smooth muscle cells in the model group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry displayed up-regulation of alpha-SMA and MMP-2 in the model group (P<0.05). It was concluded that injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra induces remodeling of vertebral artery in rabbits, suggesting it is a practical method to establish CSA animal model.

Langzeitergebnisse der operativen Behandlung des vertebrobasilären Syndroms

In case of changes occurring within the extracranial sections of the common and internal carotid artery the operative procedure has become a generally accepted surgical method. Another reason of brain ischemia is the vertebro-basilar insufficiency caused by external pressure on the vertebral artery in a channel formed by transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. The author presents the clinical experience with 54 cases that have been treated surgically from 1994 to 2003 due to the above mentioned reasons. In all patients an anastomosis between the distal vertebral artery and external carotid artery gave good or very good results.

Surgical anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk

Lack of knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) may complicate surgical procedures on the cervical spine. This study aims to define linear and angular relations of the CST with respect to consistent structures around it, including the number and size of the cervical ganglia, the distances between the CST and the longus colli muscle and the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Morphometric parameters of the 24 CSTs of 12 adults were measured on both sides. The CST had superior, middle, and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 20.8% of specimens; superior and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 45.8%; superior, middle, vertebral, inferior, or cervicothoracic ganglia in 12.5%, and superior, vertebral, inferior or cervicothoracic ganglia in 20.8% of specimens. The superior ganglion was observed in all specimens, the middle ganglion and vertebral ganglion were each observed in 33.3%. There was no difference between the number of superior and vertebral ganglia between the right and left sides. The average distance between the CST and the medial border of the ipsilateral longus colli muscle (LCM) was 17.2 mm at C3 and 12.4 mm at C7. As the CSTs converged caudally, the LCMs diverged. The average distance between the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and the lateral borders of the ipsilateral CST was 3.4 mm at C4, 3.2 mm at C5, and 3.9 mm at C6. The presence of a vertebral ganglion and variations, such as the localization of the CST within the carotid sheath, are important. The anatomical landmarks described should assist the spinal surgeon to avoid injury of the CST.

A new burrowing diapsid from the Jurassic La Boca Formation of Tamaulipas, Mexico

ABSTRACT Two articulated skulls and associated material from the Early or Middle Jurassic La Boca Formation of Mexico represent a new genus and species of small diapsid, Tamaulipasaurus morenoi. The skull is superficially similar to that of burrowing squamates, especially amphisbaenians and dibamids, but the presence of plesiomorphic characters, such as a complete lower temporal bar, contradict a phylogenetic relationship within Squamata. Among its autapomorphies are extensive fusion of braincase bones and of postdentary bones, a broad thin squamosal, absence of three circumorbital bones, an extensive side wall to the braincase, an anteriorly directed fenestra ovalis, an unusual course for the stylar process of the stapes in a groove between the quadrate and braincase, and a large longitudinal foramen through the base of the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. The phylogenetic relationships of Tamaulipasaurus morenoi are difficult to assess because its burrowing adaptations obscure its structure. It...